Defnydd hanesyddol a chyfoes o ‘mynd i’ yn y Gymraeg: Astudiaeth o ramadegoli fel newid ieithyddol

Peredur Webb-Davies & Christopher Shank

The use of verbs of motion to express futurity is recognized cross-linguistically as an example of grammaticalization, whereby a construction changes over time to be less concrete and more grammatical. A number of historical and contemporary Welsh corpora are qualitatively analysed in order to identify the diachronic development of ‘mynd i’ (going to) to express the future in Welsh. Some examples of the grammaticalized form of ‘mynd i’ are found in texts from the sixteenth and seventeenth century, indicating that the grammaticalization process started at least 500 years ago, but the construction does not become prominent until the twentieth century. It is argued that this is an example of the influence of English grammar, where ‘BE + going to’ has also historically gone through a process of grammaticalization, and that an increase in bilingualism in Wales in the twentieth century has been a factor in normalising the grammaticalized form. A discussion is provided of how the situation of this Welsh construction informs our knowledge of the effect of language contact on grammaticalization.

---

2,063 Kb

 
  	Peredur Webb-Davies & Christopher Shank, ‘Defnydd hanesyddol a chyfoes o ‘mynd i’ yn y Gymraeg: Astudiaeth o ramadegoli fel newid ieithyddol’, Gwerddon, 30, March 2020, 23–39.
   

 
    Welsh, linguistics, grammaticalization, language change, bilingualism.
    

Bibliography:

 
  	

Borsley, R. D., Tallerman, M., a Willis, D. (2007), The syntax of Welsh (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Bybee, J. (2006), ‘Diachronic linguistics’, yn Geeraerts, Dirk, a Cuyckens, Hubert (goln),  Cognitive Linguistics (Oxford: Oxford University Press), tt. 945‒87.
Bybee, J., Perkins, R., a Pagliuca, W. (1994), The Evolution of Grmmar: Tense, Aspect and Modality in the Languages of the World (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
Danchev, A. (1989), ‘Language change typology and adjectival comparison in contact situations’, Folia Linguistica Historica,9 (2), 161–74.
Davies, J. (2007), A History of Wales (London: Penguin).
Davies, P., ‘Identifying word-order convergence in the speech of Welsh-English bilinguals’, traethawd PhD, Prifysgol Bangor, Bangor, 2010.
Davies, P. (2016), ‘Age variation and language change in Welsh: Auxiliary deletion and possessive constructions’, yn Durham, Mercedes, a Morris, Jonathan (goln.), Sociolinguistics in Wales (London: Palgrave Macmillan), tt. 31‒59.
Deuchar, M., Webb-Davies, P. a Donnelly, K. (2018), Building and using the Siarad corpus of spoken Welsh: Bilingual conversations in Welsh and English (Amsterdam: John Benjamins).
Ellis, N. C., et al.  (2001), Cronfa Electroneg o Gymraeg (CEG): A 1 million word lexical database and frequency count for Welsh, <http://corpws.cymru/ceg/> [Cyrchwyd: 16 Chwefror 2018).
Heine, B., a Kuteva, T. (2005), Language Contact and Grammatical Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Heine, B., a Kuteva, T. (2010), ‘Contact and grammaticalization’, yn Hickey, Raymond (gol.), The Handbook of Language Contact (Malden, MA: Blackwell), tt. 81‒99.
Jones, M. C. (1998), Language obsolescence and revitalization: Linguistic change in two sociolinguistically contrasting Welsh communities (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Mair, C. (2004),  ‘Corpus Linguistics and grammaticalization theory: Statistics, frequencies and beyond’, ynLindquist, Hans, a Mair, Christian (goln.), Corpus Approaches to Grammaticalization in English (Amsterdam: John Benjamins), tt. 121‒50.
Matras, Y. (2010), ‘Contact, convergence, and typology’, yn Hickey, Raymond (gol.), The Handbook of Language Contact (Malden, MA: Blackwell), tt. 63‒80.
Mittendorf, I., a Willis, D. (2004), Corpws Hanesyddol yr Iaith Gymraeg 1500‒1850/A Historical Corpus of the Welsh Language 1500‒1850 (Cambridge University, adnodd electronig), <http://people.ds.cam.ac.uk/dwew2/hcwl/menu.htm> [Cyrchwyd: 9 Ionawr 2020].
Ó Siadhail, M. (1989), Modern Irish: Grammatical structure and variation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Parry-Williams, T. H. (1923), The English element in Welsh: a study of English loan-words in Welsh (London: Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion).
Prys, D., Prys, G., a Jones, D. B. (2016), ‘Cysill Ar-Lein: a corpus of written contemporary Welsh compiled from an on-line spelling and grammar checker’, yn Calzolari, Nicoletta; Choukri, Khalid; Declerck, Thierry; Goggi, Sara; Grobelnik, Marko; Maegaard, Bente; Mariani, Joseph; Mazo, Helene; Moreno, Asuncion; Odijk, Jan; Piperidis, Stelios (goln), Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2016) (Paris, Ffrainc: European Language Resources Association), <http://dblp.org/rec/conf/lrec/PrysPJ16> [Cyrchwyd: 9 Ionawr 2020].   
Thomas, A. R. (1982), ‘Change and decay in language’, yn Crystal, David (gol.), Linguistic controversies: Essays in linguistic theory and practice in honour of F. R. Palmer (London: Edward Arnold), tt. 209‒19.
Thomas, P. W. (1996), Gramadeg y Gymraeg (Caerdydd: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru).
Thomason, S. G. (2001), Language contact: An introduction (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press).
Thomason, S. G., a Kaufman, T. (1988), Language contact, creolization, and genetic linguistics (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press).
Traugott, E. C., a König, E. (1991), ‘The semantics-pragmatics of grammaticalization revisited’, yn Traugott, Elizabeth Closs, a Heine, Bernd (goln.), Approaches to Grammaticalization (Amsterdam: John Benjamins), tt. 189‒218.
Willis, D. (2008), ‘English-Welsh language contact in the realm of negation’, papur a gyflwynwyd yn Transmission and Diffusion Congress ym Mhrifysgol Radboud yn Nijmegen,Ionawr 2008.